Wireless Broadband CCNA Routing and Switching

For smart home technologies, an Internet connection is absolutely essential. Homes and small businesses usually use a cable or DSL connection to connect to the Internet. However, in many cases, a wireless network can also be used ccna wireless.

Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP)

A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) connects subscribers to specific wireless access points using wireless technologies similar to home wireless local area networks (WLANs). Most often, WISPs are found in rural areas where DSL lines or cable networks are not available.

Sometimes the antenna is installed on a separate tower, but more often it is placed on existing structures such as a water tower or radio tower. A small antenna on the roof of the subscriber is located in the receiving range of the WISP transmitter. The access unit is connected to the wired network in the house. From the point of view of the home user, the setup is almost the same as the DSL or cable setup. The main difference is that connecting from home to your carrier is a wireless connection, not a physical cable.

Wireless broadband service

Another wireless solution for home and small businesses is wireless broadband. It uses the same cellular technology as for accessing the Internet using a tablet or smartphone. The antenna is installed outside the home, providing wireless or wired connection of devices anywhere in the house. In most cases, home wireless broadband competes directly with DSL and cable services.

FIBER OPTIC CABLES AND EQUIPMENT

The transmission of video signals and digital data via conventional "copper" cables can no longer keep up with the ever-increasing demands for the transmission of signals of ever higher quality at ever greater speeds over ever greater distances. The problem is that the resistance and impedance of coaxial cables and twisted pairs limit the distance over which signals can be transmitted. Moreover, in any system, long-distance data conductors act like a giant antenna, which is subject to interference from a variety of sources, including interference from nearby conductors, currents induced by stray magnetic fields, and other extraneous sources of electrical noise.

An elegant and inexpensive solution to this problem is fiber optics. Optical fiber has a much wider bandwidth and lower loss than coaxial cable, which allows high-resolution images to be transmitted over very long distances without the use of route amplifiers or repeaters. And since the signal is transmitted in the form of a light beam, and not an electric current, the system becomes completely immune to any kind of electrical interference, including interference from neighboring conductors or high-voltage power lines 

How fiber optics work

Unfortunately, working with a fiber the thickness of a human hair will never be as easy as connecting two wires with a crimp terminal, and of course, cleanliness is paramount. In addition, an interface is required at each end of the line to convert the electrical signal to light and vice versa.

Why, in spite of this, is there an ever-growing interest in the use of fiber optics in closed-loop TV systems and security systems?

Benefits of Fiber Optic Signaling

For many applications, fiber optics is preferred for a number of advantages. Not all of them, however, are created equal for different users. The most important from the point of view of applications in closed-loop TV systems are summarized below:

Low transmission loss . Low loss fiber optic cables allow the transmission of image signals over long distances without the use of route amplifiers or repeaters. This is especially useful for long-distance transmission schemes - for example, highway or railway surveillance systems, where 20 km of repeater-free sections are not uncommon.

Broadband signal transmission . The wide transmission bandwidth of optical fiber allows high quality video, audio and digital data to be transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber optic cable.

Immunity to interference and interference . The complete insensitivity of the fiber optic cable to external electrical noise and interference ensures stable operation of the systems even in cases where the installers did not pay sufficient attention to the location of nearby power networks, etc.

Electrical insulation . The lack of electrical conductivity for fiber optic cable means that the problems associated with changes in ground potential, such as those in power plants or railways, are gone. This property also eliminates the risk of damage to equipment caused by current surges from lightning, etc.

Lightweight and compact cables . The extremely small dimensions of optical fibers and fiber optic cables bring a new lease of life to jam-packed cable ducts. For example, a single coaxial cable takes up as much space as 24 optical cables, each of which can presumably carry 64 video channels and 128 audio or video signals simultaneously.

Timeless communication line . By simply replacing the terminal equipment, rather than the cables themselves, fiber optic networks can be upgraded to carry more information. On the other hand, part or even the entire network can be used for a completely different task, for example, combining a local area network and a closed-loop TV system in one cable.

Seizing the Possibilities: Boosting Our Business’ Resiliency with Cisco Security Solutions

To most, outdated IT infrastructure is a curse. It can inhibit your day-to-day operations and slow down your response to unforeseen challenges. But look on the bright side: It’s also a chance to update your systems and build your dream IT environment.

At first glance, some people might have only seen the shortcomings of the Foxtrot Group’s outdated IT infrastructure. But when I joined the group as its CIO, I focused on what it could become data center ccie. 

The Foxtrot Group is a leading Ukrainian retail network focusing on consumer electronics, household appliances, and retail distribution. We are the market leader of consumer electronics retailers in Ukraine. With 162 stores in all over Ukraine, we employ about 4,600 people.

As CIO, my role is global in nature, as I also take on the responsibilities of a CTO and CEO of IT company. I joined Foxtrot almost two years ago, when Foxtrot was on the cusp of digital transformation; it was the beginning of Foxtrot’s IT infrastructure modernization journey.

There were a lot of issues when I took this position. There was 15-year-old Wi-Fi, server, and network infrastructure. There were no cloud solutions (we stored everything internally), and no intentions to go to market with IT services. It was a challenging position, but that meant it had so much potential. I saw the possibilities if only Foxtrot invested in the right solutions and systems that would modernize its outdated infrastructure.

And for the past two years, everything I’ve done to our systems has been in an effort to upgrade this infrastructure with an understanding of how it will impact Foxtrot’s business KPIs. To do that, we needed to overhaul our infrastructure, move our operations to the cloud, and, in particular, strengthen our security solutions, since security was one of the weakest points within our IT systems.

Business intelligence analyst or advisor

The business intelligence analyst or advisor advises, analyzes, documents, aligns and integrates information needs and ensures the quality of management information in accordance with management information governance. It provides expert support to business intelligence users system analyst salary.

LEVEL OF EDUCATION

University degree in computer science, administration or a related field

SALARY

Between $ 60,000 and $ 100,000 depending on experience

FIELD

Information Technology and Electronic Business

PERSONALITY TRAITS

Build interpersonal relationships

Sense of precision

Analyze, deduce and understand

Programming and electronics

Comfortable with abstract language

Description of tasks

Advise the sections which are responsible for management information in identifying their management information needs (data, publications, management indicators, performance measures, etc.).

Participate in the operationalization of business intelligence solutions in partnership with the stakeholders involved by ensuring the required transversal links and developing the processes and tools that make up the governance framework in management information in order to ensure efficiency in development and management of changes as well as the quality of information.

Support users of systems, tools and databases in the choice and interpretation of information requests and publications.

Design support strategies and transfer expertise to customers in the context of business intelligence projects and ensure the quality of deliverables in accordance with the needs identified and the governance policy in information management.

Carry out monitoring activities in the field of business intelligence, particularly in terms of ways of producing management information, technological tools, metadata and documentation.

Negotiate and manage, where applicable, service agreements with clients and management information providers. 

AWS Solution Architect

Infopulse is inviting talented professionals to join in our Cloud Managed Services and Solutions team as an AWS Solution Architect and provide services within deliveries for our key Customers across Europe.

The position requires hands-on experience with ability to analyze Customers' requirements, respond to challenges and deliver needed solutions.

Responsibilities: aws solution architect

Analyze customers' legacy apps, used technologies and tool set, define gaps and areas for improvement

Provide recommendation for apps/workloads migration by using lift-and-shift, rearchitect or refactoring approach

Design and implement complex cloud or hybrid infrastructure solutions based on the AWS Services

Collaborate closely with Client’s technical team to define the scope of improvements

Propose Customer needed solution based on the AWS cloud stack services

Participate in PoC/Pilots/MVP and project implementation

Qualifications:

Bachelor’s degree in computer science, programming, robotics or electrical engineering or related areas

5+ years of design & implementation experience with distributed applications

3+ yeas of experience as a lead developer and/or architect

1+ years of direct management experience including managing people, development/maintenance of work plans

Unit, integration and functional tests implementation experience

Experience as a developer in Java and/or .NET

Experience with enterprise class database servers and storage

Strong networking foundations: TCP/IP, DNS, VLANs, Routing, Load-balancers, network security

Practical experience of deployment concepts and maintenance of Amazon AWS, in particular:

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS) with MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, and PostgreSQL

Amazon Elastic Load Balancing (ELB)

Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC)

Amazon Management Services (including but not limited to AWS Management Console; CloudFront, Amazon ElastiCache, etc)

Operating systems: Linux (RPM-based, DEB-based), Windows

Web Services: SOAP; REST

AWS DevOps services, CI/CD, SCM, pipeline, containers, Automation, IaC

AWS Docker Containers, Kubernetes/AKS, IaaS/PaaS

Kubernetes cluster configuration and ECS

Will be an advantage:

Experience with Linux/UNIX OS, Nginx, Apache etc.

Experience in other Cloud Platforms: Google Cloud or Microsoft Azure

Cloud certifications: AWS preferred, Google or Azure

Personal skills:

Strong written and verbal communication in English Being initiative with very good analytical skills

Being able to perform tasks in an agile environment with minimum guidance

Excellent written, verbal and presentation skills

Team player with high motivation and a «can do» attitude

Ability to travel and be mobile

What Is Data Center Analytics?

Data Center Analytics utilize a plethora of platforms to facilitate the concurrent use of multiple data sources, data collection methods, analytical, and presentation technologies.

These platforms may include big data, machine learning, mathematical modeling, and advanced analytics technologies to enhance data center operations (microsegmentation, network insights, network performance monitoring, network assurance, application performance monitoring, intelligent troubleshooting, IT ticket management, proactive remediation) functions with proactive, personal, and dynamic insights. 

Why it matters cisco data centers

Organizations are deploying applications in multiple public and private clouds, with more applications than ever. There are also more different classes of people and machines using these applications. 

As a result of containers, microservices, and serverless, developers are constructing these highly distributed application constructs with workload tiers and data services spread across hybrid IT spanning on-premises data centers and multiple public clouds. Because of these trends, multicloud data center operators are facing serious challenges, including:

These issues require network operators to have a high level of domain expertise and the ability to correlate complex IT environments to prevent or fix issues while upholding the infrastructure uptime to honor Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) with minimum disruptions.

So, what's happening?

In short, IT practitioners don't have the capacity to address these issues without sufficient automation tools. Here's why:

Tool fragmentation

Too many tools addressing siloed visibility use cases

Different protocols/mechanisms

Limited insights 

Low data fidelity that is not actionable

Lack of data correlation; don't get the full picture

No dataplane visibility

Inconsistent API architecture

Specialized knowledge required

Difficult to find root-cause issue, and often too late to react to it

But the tools we currently have are inadequate for today's complex networking environment.

The tools we do have are fragmented.

Which means the data we have offer limited insights.

Which leaves networking teams in a reactive posture, which is the opposite of what we want and what the business is demanding.

So how can we move forward? How can we maximize uptime, align with the business, and still have capacity for new projects and initiatives?

What you need to know about routing and switching

The business network allows every employee in the company to connect to other employees, customers, business partners, critical applications, and the Internet. The advantage of networking is that you can share information and applications with everyone in your group. Pay attention to the following factors: ccnp routing and switching

Where is the company's software located? Online.

How are important presentations shared with different members of your team? Through the network.

How do you connect to the Internet to watch important presentations? Through your network.

How are important messages communicated to your employees and partners? Through the network.

What is Routing and Switching?

The principle of the network is to connect computers and peripherals using two pieces of equipment: switches and routers. These two components allow devices connected to your network to communicate with each other and with other networks.

Although routers and switches look very similar, they perform completely different functions on a network:

Switches are used to connect a group of devices on the same network within a building or area. For example, a switch can connect computers, printers, and servers to create a network of shared resources. The switch can act as a controller, allowing different devices to share information and interact with other devices. By sharing information and allocating resources, switches save you money and increase productivity.

There are two main types of switches : managed and unmanaged.

Unmanaged switches operate in a standard pattern and do not allow you to make changes to that pattern. Unmanaged switches are often used in home networking equipment.

The managed switch provides programming access. This provides greater flexibility because the switch can be monitored and configured locally or remotely to control traffic flow over the network and access to your network.

Routers are used to link multiple networks together. For example, you can use a router to connect your networked computers to the Internet, thus sharing the Internet with multiple users. The router can act as a dispatcher, choosing the best route for transmitting your information and ensuring that it is received quickly.

Routers analyze the data sent over the network, change the way the data is packed, and send it to another network or to a different type of network. They connect your business to the outside world, protect your information from security threats, and can even determine which computers take priority over others.

Depending on your business and network plans, you can choose routers that support different functions. These functions may include the following:

IP Phone Network : Connect your corporate computer and telephone network using voice and conferencing technologies to simplify and unify your communications

Firewall : specialized software that analyzes incoming data and protects your business network from attacks

Virtual Private Network (VPN) : A method of providing remote workers with secure remote network access.

VLANs – the simplest explanation

I just released a new videos which teaches VLANs in the absolute simplest way. This is how I wish VLANs were taught to me when I first started my Networking journey. I have since taught countless students using this format, and the reception has been unanimously positive. Now I’m sharing that method with my readers!

What are VLANs - Youtube video from Practical Networking .net

The video discusses through the following concepts: ccna voice

VLANs provide two major functions:

Break up physical switches into virtual “mini switches“

Extend the virtual “mini switch” to multiple physical switches

VLANs allow your Logical topology to be unconstrained by your Physical topology

Access Ports / Untagged Ports – ports which carry traffic for only ONE VLAN

Trunk Ports / Tagged Ports – ports which carry traffic for MULTIPLE VLANs

All frames traversing a Trunk port must be “tagged” so the receiving switch knows what VLAN to associate that traffic to

802.1q – open standard for how to tag Layer 2 frames

Native VLAN – The one VLAN which traverses a Trunk/Tagged link without a VLAN tag

How to create a service company?

The terms of creation are the same as those for the creation of companies operating in another sector. However, it is necessary to explicitly indicate the nature of the activities in the social object of the company . In addition, in the case of a company providing services to individuals or services to the person, it is necessary to obtain approval. As a result, it is necessary for the personal services company to meet certain conditions to receive this approval. In the event of non-compliance with the legal provisions relating to the exercise of the activity in question, this may result in withdrawal of authorization and cessation of activity engineering freelancers.

In the case of a service company established as a sole proprietorship

The creation of a service company with the legal status of sole proprietorship has the advantage of being very simple. Indeed, it suffices to make a corporate declaration of a natural person. An APE code is then provided for attachment to the CFE or Center de Formalités des Entreprises. However, depending on the service sector of the company, the latter may be attached either to the Chamber of Trades and Crafts, or to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, or to URSSAF.

In the case of a service company established as a sole proprietorship with limited liability

The creation of a service company with the legal status of an individual limited liability company requires a declaration of assets with the Center de Formalités des Entreprises. This has the effect of limiting the liability of the service provider. In the event that the declared heritage includes real estate, a notarial deed must be provided with the declaration of heritage. In the event that an asset has a value greater than € 30,000, a report drawn up by a chartered accountant or an auditor must be sent with the declaration of assets.

In the case of a service company established as a sole proprietorship with limited liability

The creation of a service company with the legal status of a one-person limited liability company requires the drafting of articles of association, to define the company's share capital. The procedures for creating a service EURL are the same as for a lambda EURL. In this sense, it is necessary:

publish a notice of constitution of the EURL in a newspaper of legal notices;

an original version of the articles of association of the EURL referred to by the sole shareholder;

a supporting document from the head office of the EURL;

a copy of the identity documents of the EURL manager;

a check to be sent to the registry;

an extract from the K-Bis form for the EURL registration.

What is not data engineering?

Many areas are closely related to data processing and your clients will often be contributors to these areas. Knowing your customers is important, so you need to know these areas and how they differ from data engineering.

Some of the areas that are closely related to data engineering are: IT information technology

Data Science.

Business analytics.

Machine Learning.

In this section, you will learn more about these areas, starting with data science.

Data science

While data engineering is defined by how you move and organize massive amounts of data, data science is defined by what you do with that data.

Data scientists typically query, explore, and attempt to extract valuable information from datasets. They can write ad-hoc scripts for use on a specific dataset, while data engineers strive to create reusable programs using software development best practices.

Data scientists use statistical tools such as k-means clustering and regressionsas well as machine learning methods. They often work with R or Python and try to get data-driven insights and predictions to help them make decisions at all levels of the business.

Note : Do you want to study data science? Take a look at any of the following sections:

Data Science with Basic Python Skills...

Collection and storage of data...

Mathematics for data science...

Pandas for Data Science...

Data scientists are often scientifically or statistically trained and their working style reflects this. They work on a project that answers a specific research question, while a group of data engineers focuses on building scalable, reusable, and fast internal products.

A great example of how data scientists answer research questions can be found in biotech and health technology companies, where data scientists research data on drug interactions, side effects, disease outcomes, and more.

Business analytics

Business Intelligence is similar to data science with some important differences. Where data science is focused on predicting and predicting the future, business intelligence is focused on providing an overview of the current state of the business.

Both of these teams are served by data development teams and may even work with the same dataset. However, Business Intelligence is concerned with analyzing business performance and generating reports from the data. These reports then help management make decisions at the business level.

Like data scientists, business intelligence teams rely on data engineers to create tools that enable them to analyze and report on data relevant to their business.

Mechanical Engineering vs. Software Development: Job Prospects

The employment of mechanical engineers is projected to grow by 4 percent over the next ten years, above the average for all occupations. Mechanical engineers can work in many industries and on many types of projects. As a result, their growth rates will differ from the industries in which they operate.

On the other hand, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job prospects for engineers and software developers are up 24 percent, much faster than the national average. The reason is that the high technical requirements do not match the number of software engineers available.

Mechanical and software engineering: income level software engineering vs computer science

The average salary for a mechanical engineer, according to the  US Department of Labor , is $ 89,800, with the top ten percent earning up to $ 131,350 .

Software engineers tend to be paid well above the average salary. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average annual salary for a software developer in the United States is $ 110,000 .

Similarities Between Mechanical Engineering and Software Development

Mechanical engineers depend on some programs and software designed by software engineers to work effectively. For example, CAD ( computer - aided design ) software is  used by  architects, engineers, designers, artists, and others to create precise drawings or technical illustrations. CAD  software can be used to create 2D (2-D) drawings or 3D (3-D) models. On the other hand, most of the hardware used by software engineers is the product of mechanical engineers.

In addition, most of the systems created by mechanical engineers use computer programs. However, both can work in teams with other engineers, artists, and production managers.

The role of the IT analyst

IT analyst highest paying engineering jobs

Main tasks

The role of the IT analyst , or system analyst for others, is to study the different ways of implementing an IT need within an information system.

To do this, the analyst will have to assess the feasibility of the company's IT needs, determine the impacts on the information system and propose different solutions.

Training

On the training side, the person in the position of analyst will generally have a bachelor's degree (BAC) in computer science, computer engineering or software engineering.

Skills

Métiers Québec has drawn up a list of non-technical skills that the IT analyst must develop.

Aptitudes for mathematics.

Analytical skills, logical reasoning and good problem solving skills.

Research skills and creativity to design original, practical and easy-to-use software.

Ease of working in a team.

Sense of responsibility, autonomy and resourcefulness.

Initiative and ability to make decisions quickly.

Ease of communication and interpersonal skills.

Sense of organization.

Dynamism and leadership.

Adaptation to technological changes.

Salary

According to data provided by Statistics Canada, the hourly rate for a computer analyst will start at $ 23 and reach a ceiling of $ 52.75. On average, the IT analyst will earn $ 36.26 per hour.

In 2018, Randstad's Professional Salary Guide stated that a systems analyst, based on their experience, would earn:

Between $ 50,000 and $ 60,700 per year (Junior)

Between $ 59,300 and $ 75,400 per year (Intermediate)

Between $ 68,400 and $ 90,000 per year (Senior)

WLAN NETWORKS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

Wireless local area networks (WLANs), which use radio frequencies to transmit data, are becoming more widespread today. More often they are called Wi-Fi networks, although earlier this was the name of only one of the standards (802.11b).

One of the main advantages of WLANs, as the name suggests, is that they are wireless. This allows you to speed up the network creation process and eliminate the use of cables. In addition, unlike cellular communication, Wi-Fi wireless networks use a non-licensed (in most countries) and, accordingly, free frequency range, and, therefore, do not require permission what does wlan mean.

The IEEE 802.11 standard also provides security features. Networks, in particular, are assigned a unique name, subscribers can be filtered by MAC addresses (physical addresses of devices) and encryption. At the same time, there are two encryption standards - Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). The first, despite being supported by all certified equipment, has serious vulnerabilities and therefore does not provide adequate protection for wireless communication channels. WPA is considered to be much more reliable. At the same time, it is possible to simultaneously work in the network of WPA and WEP clients, as well as those using other security protocols. Some old equipment can be upgraded to WPA by updating the firmware ("firmware").

An important advantage of WLAN networks is the ability to dynamically change access points. Modern devices with built-in Wi-Fi controllers start searching for a new hotspot when the connection deteriorates and automatically switch to a new access point. This provides the user with the ability to move without interrupting work.

One of the main problems typical for Wi-Fi networks is interference, that is, the intersection of reception areas from different stations. Due to the fact that the signal is transmitted on a free frequency, the quality of communication can be significantly reduced due to interference from amateur radio equipment and household appliances, such as microwave ovens. In addition, the conditions for receiving and transmitting are worsened by walls, reinforced concrete floors, metal partitions, etc.

Despite the emergence of the WPA security standard, many access points use equipment that is exclusively WEP compatible. These potentially vulnerable hotspots could theoretically pose a threat to users whose sensitive information could fall into the hands of attackers.

One cannot but mention the problem of relatively high power consumption. It is especially relevant for owners of laptops and smartphones, since the active use of wireless communication significantly reduces the operating time of portable devices from rechargeable batteries.

Finally, the disadvantages of WLAN include limited range.

Developers from the Karlsruev Institute of Technology (Germany) have created a wireless Wi-Fi connection that transmits data at a speed of over 40 Gb / s over a distance of more than 1.5 km. This speed is sufficient, for example, to transmit a regular disc with a film over the network in less than a second. The equipment uses a frequency of 240 GHz instead of the 2 GHz to 5 GHz frequency range used in conventional Wi-Fi devices. The transition to higher frequencies solved the problems with the transmission range, as well as the size of the antenna. The required size of the antenna does not exceed the size of the chip itself, which is responsible for signal transmission, and it is no more than a few millimeters.

A relatively new feature that has found wide application in both office and home digital technology is called Wi-Fi Direct. The technology allows wireless connection between any devices that support this technology. Wi-Fi Direct is the ability to connect gadgets such as cameras, printers to the receiving device to print the desired file without using wires. Gaming and any certified mobile devices that have a Wi-Fi adapter have the same capabilities.

In the coming years, the development of local wireless networks will go in the direction of mass introduction of the so-called WiMAX technology (short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). WiMAX networks (IEEE 802.16a standard) use a frequency range from 2 GHz to 11 GHz and provide data rates up to 70 Mbps over distances of up to 50 km. The new standard is positioned as a means of connecting wireless local area networks (WLAN) to the Internet and as a replacement for DSL as the last mile. The bandwidth of one base station is enough to provide dozens of business users and hundreds of home connections.

WHAT IS FIBER CHANNEL AND HOW DOES IT WORK?

Fiber Channel, or FC, is a high-speed network technology (typically running at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 128 gigabits per second) that is primarily used to connect computer data storage to servers. Fiber Channel (FC) is the predominant technology standard in the field of

Storage Area Network (SAN) data center environment. Fiber Channel was developed as a serial interface to overcome the limitations of the SCSI and HIPPI interfaces. FC solved many of the problems in the data center. These problems included distance, performance, bandwidth, and overhead problems. The way FC is implemented and its inherent functionality are designed to prevent data loss and network congestion while providing a highly available and high performing network. FC was developed using the latest multimodal fiber technologies that have overcome the speed limits of the ESCON protocol.

The throughput variants are summarized below, whereby the increase in capacity is observed from year to year: how does fiber work

Line coding

Net throughput

per direction;

MB / s

Availability

1GFC

8b10b

103.2

1997

2GFC

8b10b

206.5

2001

4GFC

8b10b

412.9

2004

8GFC

8b10b

825.8

2005

10GFC

64b66b

1,239

2008

16GFC "Gen 5"

64b66b

1.652

2011

32GFC "Gen 6"

64b66b

3.303

2016

128GFC "Gen 6"

64b66b

13.210

2016

The physical layer of the Fiber Channel.

The physical layer is based on serial connections using appropriate modules. The Small Form-Factor Pluggable Transceiver (SFP) module and its expanded version, SFP +, are common form factors for ports that support a variety of distances over multimode and single-mode fiber, as shown in the following table. The SFP module uses duplex fiber optic cabling with LC connectors, which is not mentioned in the SFP + standard, but can be used at this speed. Besides the data rate, the big difference between 8G Fiber Channel and 16G Fiber Channel is the coding method. The 64b / 66b encoding used for 16G is a more efficient encoding mechanism than the 8b / 10b encoding for 8G and allows the data rate to be doubled without doubling the line rate.

The latest version of the protocol is based on Gigabit Ethernet, which results in Fiber Channel over Ethernet, or FCoE. It is very simple that the Ethernet provides the physical interface and FC the transport protocol, so that we get an FC frame in an Ethernet frame. Computers can be connected to FCoE with converged network adapters (CNAs) that contain both Fiber Channel host bus adapters (HBA) and Ethernet network interface controllers (NIC) on the same physical card.

BlueOptics © SFP and SFP + product offerings for FCoE compatibility cover various lambdas, distances and data rates and are therefore suitable for 1G FC to 16G Fc.

The Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable (QSFP) module was used for 4-lane implementations of 128GFC. The QSFP uses either the LC connector for 128GFC-CWDM4 or an MPO connector for 128GFC-SW4 or 128GFC-PSM4. MPO cabling uses 8 or 12 fiber cabling infrastructure that connects to another 128 GFC port or can be split into four duplex LC links to 32 GFC SFP + ports. Fiber Channel switches use either SFP or QSFP modules.

The structure of the technical task

Writing a technical task is one of the first stages of work on a project. It precedes the development of the system itself. In the terms of reference, we describe the subject area, the existing infrastructure of the Customer, the requirements for the created functionality, as well as non-functional requirements. The resulting document is necessary both for a business user in order to make sure that all his wishes for the future system are taken into account, and for us to estimate the cost of developing a system.

It is worth noting that in our daily analytical work we try to avoid the term “Terms of Reference”. This term is too overloaded with meanings and it is often unclear what is behind it. We use the terms Business requirements document (BRD), Functional requirements document (FRD), and Technical Architecture document (TAD). However, here, in order not to complicate the description, we will use the term "Terms of Reference". The document that we in most cases use to interact with customers consists of 70% of business requirements, 20% of functional requirements and only 10% of technical and architectural requirements. Of course, this proportion varies depending on the specifics and technical complexity of the system.

Correct communication with the customer is the main success factor in the development of technical specifications. After all, the task of analysts is to actually perform a brain-dump operation, and put the results on paper in a structured way. At the same time, it is very important (1) to speak with the customer in the same language so that he does not have to chew on the concepts of the subject area that are obvious to a specialist and (2) be able to listen correctly.

Below are the principles that guide us in writing the technical assignment, and will illustrate them with excerpts from our technical specifications for a multi-component banner advertising system for a large Internet company.

The structure of the technical task

Each technical task contains several mandatory sections. They define the purpose of the document, terminology, the general context of the project. Usually the first part of the document looks like this: freelance technician

1. Table of contents

2. History of document changes

3. Project participants

4. Purpose of the document

5. Terminology

6. General context

If at the beginning of the document general, conceptual information about the system being developed is given, then in the second, main part of the document, business requirements and functional requirements for the system that are essential for assessing the cost of development are detailed.

In the "Terminology" section of the technical specifications for the banner system, we define such concepts as Impressions, Clicks, CTR, Reach, Contact Frequency, Booking file, etc., and in the "General Context" section, we describe the main business processes of the customer company, related to the placement of banner advertisements, as well as the system environment, the current roles of company managers and access rights. It should be noted that in this particular case, the system was not built from scratch. Previously, the company's managers used a different, different from ours, banner advertising system. Otherwise, the analysis of roles and access rights would most likely be placed in a separate chapter.

7. Banner placement system

8. Interaction with billing

9. Banner Engine

10. Technical description of the Banner Engine component

The most voluminous section of the terms of reference described by us is "Banner placement system"; it is dedicated to the core of the system being developed and contains all the requirements directly to the ad space management system. Taking into account the specifics of this project, we devoted a separate section to the interaction of the banner with the billing system. Also, in a separate section, we highlighted the requirements for a fairly independent component for collecting and displaying statistical information, which is almost the main component of the system for customers of advertising campaigns and managers of advertising agencies.

A separate section of the technical assignment describes the requirements for the Banner Engine component responsible for displaying banners, accounting statistics, processing it and saving it in a form suitable for further analysis and reporting.

This is technically the most difficult and most heavily loaded component of the banner system. In the TK, we have included a section containing some technical and architectural details related to the Banner Engine. First of all, this allows you to minimize risks when assessing the cost of developing a system, because depending on the chosen architecture, the labor intensity can differ significantly.

Each technical task differs in size, number of illustrations, number of versions. For example, a banner document is presented on 44 pages and contains 15 illustrations. The process of preparing this document took about a month and included about 8 iterations with the customer.

What is a technical task and how to develop it

Let's consider what a technical task is, why it is being developed and in accordance with what requirements.

TK is a fundamental document that guides developers and designers when starting to develop a new product. It determines the main directions of development: the design and the principle of operation of the future product. TK declares, on the one hand, about the needs of society for new products, on the other, about the technical and technical and economic characteristics of the product. 

The terms of reference is the initial stage of work and is drawn up for all developments and types of work required to create a new product. It may precede research and development work (R&D) on the development of mechanization and automation means, individual units and systems, technology, measuring instruments, control devices and other products (performance of work, provision of services, industrial complex, device, machine, apparatus, control system, information system, regulatory documentation (for example, standard), etc.). 

The requirements included in the TK should be based on modern achievements of science and technology, on the results of research and experimental work performed. The TK should establish the following indicators of the product being developed: sow

- main purpose, technical and tactical and technical characteristics, level of standardization and unification;

- technical and economic indicators;

- patent and legal indicators;

- special requirements for the product, etc.

The terms of reference specify the stages of development and the timing of each stage, the timing of development in general. The quality of TK is ensured by the volume and completeness of the collection of materials required for development. The development uses the following materials:

- scientific and technical information;

- patent information;

- characteristics of the sales market;

- characteristics of the production where the product will be manufactured (technological equipment, qualifications of personnel, technological discipline, level of labor organization, etc.).

When developing a technical specification, the developer takes into account information about similar products contained in databases (all-Russian and regional) created in the State Standard of Russia on the basis of product catalog sheets.

The terms of reference are usually developed by the product development organization. To formulate the problem as fully and competently as possible, to justify the need for its solution is the main goal of the TK. The contractor performs it in contact with the customer. The duty of the customer is to provide the developer with the initial data for product development.

TK is developed and approved in the manner established by the customer and developer. Other interested organizations (enterprises) may be involved in the development of TK: manufacturer, trade (intermediary) organization, insurance organization, design organization, installation organization, etc.

To confirm individual requirements for products, including safety, health and environmental protection requirements, as well as assess the technical level of products, the TK can be sent by the developer or customer for examination (conclusion) to third-party organizations. The decision on the conclusions received is made by the developer and the customer before the approval of the TK.

The terms of reference are accompanied by diagrams and sketches for the design of the future product, and for technological developments - technological and technical and economic indicators of the existing production. The terms of reference should contain as much information as possible to facilitate the work on the product and reduce the development time.

Despite all its importance, the content of TK is little regulated by regulatory documents. Requirements for the content and order of building a document depend on the direction of development and are contained in the following documents:

GOST R 15.201-2000. Product development and launching system (SRPP). Products for industrial and technical purposes. The procedure for the development and launching of products for production (general requirements and brief recommendations for development are given).

GOST 19.201-78. Unified system of program documentation. Technical task. Requirements for the content and design (the content of the TK is summarized);

GOST 34.602-89. Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Terms of reference for the creation of an automated system (the composition and content of the TK are described in sufficient detail);

GOST 25123-82. Computing machines and data processing systems. Technical task. The order of construction, presentation and design (the order of construction of the TK is given). 

COMPTIA CYBERSECURITY ANALYST (CYSA +)

The CompTIA Cybersecurity Analyst (CySA +) certification confirms that you have the knowledge and skills necessary to configure and use threat detection tools, perform data analysis and evaluate the results in order to identify weaknesses, threats and risks for an enterprise. with the ultimate goal of securing and protecting applications and systems within a company.

This course is designed primarily for cybersecurity practitioners who perform job functions related to protecting information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation. This course focuses on the knowledge, ability, and skills necessary to provide for the defense of those information systems in a cybersecurity context, including protection, detection, analysis, investigation, and response processes. In addition, the course ensures that all members of an IT team — everyone from the help desk staff to the Chief Information Officer — understand their role in these security processes comptia a+ certification jobs.

LEARNING GOALS

In this course, you will assess and respond to security threats and operate a systems and network security analysis platform you will ...

Assess information security risk in computing and network environments.

Analyze reconnaissance threats to computing and network environments.

Analyze attacks on computing and network environments.

Analyze post-attack techniques on computing and network environments.

Implement a vulnerability management program.

Collect cybersecurity intelligence.

Analyze data collected from security and event logs.

Perform active analysis on assets and networks.

Respond to cybersecurity incidents.

Investigate cybersecurity incidents.

Address security issues with the organization's technology architecture.

AGENDA

1 - THREAT AND VULNERABILITY MANAGEMENT

Explain the importance of threat data and intelligence.

Given a scenario, utilize threat intelligence to support organizational security.

Given a scenario, perform vulnerability management activities

Given a scenario, analyze the output from common vulnerability assessment tools.

Explain the threats and vulnerabilities associated with specialized technology.

Explain the threats and vulnerabilities associated with operating in the cloud.

Given a scenario, implement controls to mitigate attacks and software vulnerabilities.

2 - SOFTWARE AND SYSTEMS SECURITY

Given a scenario, apply security solutions for infrastructure management.

Explain software assurance best practices.

Explain hardware assurance best practices.

3 - SECURITY OPERATIONS AND MONITORING

Given a scenario, analyze data as part of security monitoring activities.

Given a scenario, implement configuration changes to existing controls to improve security.

Explain the importance of proactive threat hunting.

Compare and contrast automation concepts and technologies.

4 - INCIDENT RESPONSE

Explain the importance of the incident response process.

Given a scenario, apply the appropriate incident response procedure.

Given an incident, analyze potential indicators of compromise.

Given a scenario, utilize basic digital forensics techniques

5 - COMPLIANCE AND ASSESSMENT

Understand the importance of data privacy and protection.

Given a scenario, apply security concepts in support of organizational risk mitigation.

Explain the importance of frameworks, policies, procedures, and controls.

If you need more information about the agenda, please click on "Request information" above.

Your customer advisor will contact you as soon as possible.

Field Service Engineer (automated systems)

Vacancy description

Responsibilities:

Maintenance (electrical, mechanical & basic controls) activities on site as scoped in service contract or instructed by Employer or planner: comptia a+ entry level jobs

Preventive maintenance

Corrective maintenance

Fault finding

Part replacement

Solve most complicated problems on electrical and mechanical field in automated handling systems as instructed by Employer or planner;

Provide suggestions for improvements in maintenance and processes

Ability to perform above mentioned works and drive by car to customer site as instructed by Employer;

Report to customer and internally in Russian and English;

Review sales opportunities and communicate them internally;

Translate documentation from English to Russian when needed;

Support (service) sales director at customer meetings

Key perfomance skills:

Experience in electro mechanical position, preferably as service or maintenance engineer/technician

Able to perform specialized / difficult preventive and corrective maintenance tasks for electrical and mechanical components;

Specialist in the field of electro-mechanical technology;

Electro-mechanical fault finding and repairs;

Ability to work with computerized maintenance management system;

Ability to make material planning;

Planning capabilities in respect of maintenance and personnel;

Process oriented;

Ability to teach technicians and operators;

Preferably experience of work with automated systems;

Ability to install and maintain automated control systems;

Ability to work with technical drawings and documents;

Ability to prepare commercial offers for spare parts;

​​Your qualifications and skills:

Relevant University degree

Relevant experience at least 2 years at a similar position

Good verbal and written skills in English language

Excellent PC skills

Eager to get new competences and knowledge

Good communication skills